…Furthermore
The simple answer to your question is: publishers are required to assign a new ISBN to all new “editions”. It’s almost impossible to give a definitive answer because even reputable publishers get it wrong. We’d also need to go into what constitutes an “edition” (which needs a separate ISBN) and what is an “impression” (which doesn’t). It should be clear though, that if a publisher brings out a hardback first edition and then a paperback follows a year later, they will have different ISBNs.
Let’s say it’s a bestseller: the hardback goes into several reprints, all in the same format and you see on the back of the title page a listing of “third impression, fourth impression…”. They can all have the same ISBN. The paperback is in a different format and must have its own ISBN. But the paperback can be reprinted many times and, if nothing changes, the paperbacks will have the same ISBN.
Needless to say, it doesn’t always work like that.
Lots of people around Australia will know the Tasmanian little yellow book by Ian Brand Port Arthur 1830–1877. It’s been reprinted umpteen times. It was originally assigned ISBN 0909640041. By about the ninth printing, there was a minuscule change to the text and, quite rightly, there was a new (but wrong!) ISBN: 0909640050X [sic]. But then the publisher got lazy. More printings were made, still including the minuscule change, but they obviously used an original plate or file and it went back, wrongly, to the first ISBN 0909640041. The book is so common that I quote it only as an example. Nevertheless, these are three “different” books and some collectors are so obsessive that they’ve just got to have them. All sellers love buyers like that.
I’ll add one more tale: there’s another highly collectable book with the ISBN on verso of title page. The ISBN also appears on the flap of the d/j but the publisher got it wrong: there were two different ISBNs. At some point during the print run, they fixed up the mistake. You’ll pay $250–$500 for a copy anyway but if you have the one with the errant ISBN on the d/j it will be $500–$750.
S.